Naqsh-e Rostam is an awe-inspiring archaeological site in Iran that showcases the magnificence and lasting influence of the Achaemenid and Sasanian empires. Situated close to Persepolis in the Fars province, this striking cliff face is not merely a series of monuments; it serves as a meticulously crafted historical narrative etched into the rock, providing priceless insights into the values, authority, and artistic accomplishments of these ancient cultures. If you want to know more about this famous historical site, follow this article from Eligasht.
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History of Naqsh-e Rostam
Naqsh-e Rostam Shiraz is one of Iran’s most significant ancient sites, featuring important remnants from the Achaemenid, Sasanian, and Elamite eras. The archaeological work conducted here has yielded invaluable insights into these three historical periods of ancient Iran. Visitors to Naqsh-e Rostam can explore historical tombs, inscriptions, reliefs, and the ruins of palaces and ancient structures. The site is particularly renowned for the tombs of Achaemenid kings.
Since 1923/24 AD (1302 AH), various excavations have revealed the remains of a Sasanian fortress at this location. The fortress’s towers and walls reflect the architectural styles of both the Achaemenid and Sasanian periods. While detailed historical records are lacking, it is believed that the fortress dates back to the Sasanian era, specifically during the reigns of Ardeshir and Shapur.
Today, Naqsh-e Rostam is celebrated as one of the world’s most important historical sites, serving as a testament to the rich civilization of ancient Iran. This remarkable area highlights the splendor of the Achaemenid and Sasanian periods. It’s also interesting to note that the site was discovered during the archaeological excavations led by Erich Schmidt, an American-German archaeologist, as part of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago in 1923 AD (1302 AH). His team uncovered the remains of towers and fortifications from the Sasanian era.
Reasons for naming Naqsh-e Rostam
Naqsh-e Rostam, a majestic archaeological site near Shiraz, Iran, derives its name from a blend of historical association and local folklore. “Naqsh” translates to “image” or “relief,” aptly describing the monumental rock-cut reliefs that adorn the cliff face. The “Rostam” portion points to the legendary hero of Persian mythology, Rostam. While there’s no direct historical connection between Rostam and the Achaemenid and Sasanian kings whose tombs and reliefs grace the site, local tradition and storytelling likely attributed the impressive carvings to the hero’s immense power and legendary feats. The sheer scale and grandeur of the site, featuring elaborate tombs and depictions of victorious kings, would have resonated with the public’s perception of Rostam’s own larger-than-life persona, leading to the enduring association and the eventual name, Naqsh-e Rostam.
Tombs of the Naqsh-e Rostam
The historical significance of Naqsh-e Rostam in Shiraz primarily stems from the tombs of Achaemenid kings found there. In ancient times, rock-cut tombs or stone graves were a prevalent method for interring the deceased, often situated within mountainous regions. The Naqsh-e Rostam site, which held great significance during the Achaemenid era and earlier, was selected as an ideal location for the burial of four renowned Achaemenid kings.
Tomb of Darius the Great (519 BC)
Following the tomb of Artaxerxes I, you will find the tomb of Darius the Great, situated nearly at the center, with an inscription confirming its association with him. Research suggests that Darius I likely initiated the construction of this tomb concurrently with the building of the Apadana Palace in Susa and Persepolis. The tomb is carved into a cliff 60 meters above the ground and, like others, features a cross shape. In the relief, Darius the Great is depicted seated on a royal throne, supported by bases shaped like lion’s paws, while 28 individuals from various lands carry it. Above the king’s head is the Faravahar, symbolizing the single God, alongside a royal brazier carved next to him. Darius is dressed in a Persian robe, holding a bow in his left hand and reaching out toward the brazier with his right. To his right, there is a circle featuring a crescent. Additionally, several figures are carved on either side of the king, appearing to be his close companions.
At the lower section of the king’s carving lies the entrance to the tomb, flanked by four columns with bull-headed capitals and palace designs on either side. These carvings suggest a strong resemblance to the Tachara Palace, which served as the residence for Darius the Great and his family. The Achaemenids, who believed in a day of resurrection, constructed their kings’ tombs to resemble their living spaces, as they thought the deceased would awaken to a new life. Notably, this tomb showcases remarkable precision in its construction and intricate carvings, setting it apart from other tombs. Furthermore, the lower part of the cross is highly polished and smooth, making access to the tomb quite challenging.
Tomb of Xerxes I
Xerxes I, the son and successor of Darius I, was a well-regarded king known for his interests in art and science. While he gained fame for his military endeavors, he ultimately faced defeat in the conflict against the Greeks and passed away 15 years later.
After his assassination by two of his associates, Xerxes I’s remains were transported to Naqsh-e Rustam for burial. His tomb is situated 100 meters northeast of Darius I’s tomb and shares a striking resemblance to it, featuring a cruciform entrance. Above the tomb, you can find depictions of the Farr-e Kiyani (royal glory), a crescent with a globe, a fire altar, and the king’s figure. Notably, there are no inscriptions surrounding Xerxes I’s tomb. Although some reliefs have suffered damage, the details remain better preserved than those of Darius I’s tomb. Inside, the tomb consists of a single room with a curved arch, housing three graves with concave covers. It is the first tomb on the right in Naqsh-e Rustam, and its association with Xerxes I is attributed to its unique architectural features, its close resemblance to Darius’s tomb, and the shape of its excavation.
Tomb of Artaxerxes I
Artaxerxes I, the son of Xerxes I, ascended to the throne of Iran in 465 BC. He successfully concluded the various conflicts that had begun during his father’s reign, including the war with Greece, and ushered in an era of peace. Under Artaxerxes I, many palaces and structures that had been left incomplete were finished, with the most significant located in Persepolis, including the Hall of Hundred Columns, the Western Palace, and the Central Palace.
Artaxerxes I passed away at the age of 60 and was laid to rest in Naqsh-e Rustam, 40 meters west of Darius I’s tomb. While the tomb of Artaxerxes shares some similarities with Darius I’s, its interior is not as ornate.
Tomb of Darius II
Nestled high in the cliffs of Naqsh-e Rostam, near Persepolis in Shiraz, lies the imposing tomb of Darius II. Carved directly into the rock face, the monumental structure echoes the elaborate design of Darius I’s tomb, featuring a cross-shaped facade with intricate reliefs. Above the entrance, a detailed depiction of Darius II standing on a platform, supported by representatives of the diverse nations under his rule, reinforces the image of a powerful and divinely sanctioned king. The scene also portrays the Zoroastrian god Ahura Mazda hovering above, further legitimizing his authority and connecting him to the divine. While less is definitively known about the details of Darius II’s reign compared to some of his predecessors, his tomb serves as a powerful testament to the enduring power and artistic grandeur of the Achaemenid Empire.
Reliefs of Naqsh-e Rostam
While the Achaemenid tombs stand out in the landscape, it is the Sasanian reliefs carved below them that truly animate Naqsh-e Rostam. These vivid and energetic representations highlight the strength and legitimacy of the Sasanian rulers, often illustrated through scenes of royal ceremonies and victorious military campaigns.
The Investiture of Ardashir I
This relief illustrates Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire, as he receives the ring of kingship from Ahura Mazda, reinforcing his claim to the throne and highlighting the divine endorsement of Sasanian authority.
The Triumph of Shapur I over Valerian
This famous relief celebrates Shapur I’s victory against the Roman Emperor Valerian in 260 AD. Valerian is shown kneeling in submission to Shapur, while Philip the Arab, another Roman emperor, pleads for peace. This striking image serves as a powerful emblem of Sasanian military strength and supremacy.
The Investiture of Narseh
This relief depicts Narseh, a subsequent Sasanian king, as he receives his crown, once again underscoring the connection between the ruler and the divine.
The Relief of Bahram II
This relief shows Bahram II amidst courtiers and dignitaries, highlighting the grandeur and ceremony of the Sasanian court.
Ka’ba-ye Zartosht (Kaaba of Zoroaster) in Naqsh-e Rostam
The Ka’ba-ye Zartosht is a square stone edifice situated within the Naqsh-e Rostam complex. This tiered tower, constructed during the Achaemenid era, was formerly referred to as Korna-ye Khaneh (Cornet House) or Naghareh-Khaneh (Drum House). In the Sasanian period, it was known as “Bon-Khanak,” which translates to the main or fundamental house.
Ka’ba-ye Zartosht: Design and Features
In terms of design, the tower stands approximately 12 to 14 meters tall, including its three tiers. It is made from white marble iron ore, with the stones shaped into large rectangular blocks. The arrangement of the stones is somewhat irregular, and a staircase with 30 steps on the northern side leads up to the entrance.
Entrance and Inscriptions
The entrance of the Ka’ba was originally fitted with two large, heavy doors, and the grooves for the hinges are still visible in the stone. On the northern, southern, and eastern faces of the tower, there are three inscriptions in Sasanian Pahlavi, Parthian Pahlavi, and Greek, with one being regarded as a significant historical document from the Sasanian era. The architectural elegance of the Ka’ba-ye Zartosht is such that it exhibits no architectural imperfections.
Other parts of Naqsh-e Rostam
The Astoudans (Ossuaries)
Adjacent to the tomb, you’ll find two small stone Chahar-Taqs, which are domed square structures. Initially believed to serve as fire altars, historians now propose a new interpretation. They suggest that the cleaned remains of two nobles from the Sasanian era were interred in these Chahar-Taqs, in a location referred to as Astoudan (ossuary). Some of these Astoudans feature inscriptions dating back to the seventh and eighth centuries.
The Smooth, Uncarved Surface
In 625, on the western side, a section of the mountain measuring 10 by 5 meters was carved under the orders of Khosrow Parviz to commemorate the coronation of Nersi by Anahita. This section was meant to showcase a grand depiction of Khosrow Parviz’s coronation ceremony, but for various reasons, the project was left unfinished. It remained unadorned until 1821, when a local landowner had the deed of Hajiabad property inscribed in 24 lines of Nastaliq Persian script on this polished surface, resulting in its destruction.
How to get to Naqsh-e Rostam
Reaching Naqsh-e Rostam from Shiraz is relatively straightforward, typically requiring a short drive outside the city. The easiest option is undoubtedly hiring a taxi or using ride-sharing apps prevalent in Shiraz. This offers convenience and direct transport to the site. Alternatively, you can opt for local buses operating on the Shiraz-Marvdasht route, which often stop near Naqsh-e Rostam. Just be sure to ask the driver to drop you off at the nearest point. From the bus stop, you might need a short taxi ride or walk a reasonable distance to the actual archaeological site. Finally, organized tours from Shiraz frequently include Naqsh-e Rostam in their itineraries, providing a hassle-free and informative experience with transportation included.
Best time to visit Naqsh-e Rostam
The best time to visit Naqsh-e Rostam in Shiraz is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November). During these months, the weather is mild and pleasant, making it comfortable to explore the ancient site without the scorching heat of summer or the chill of winter. Spring offers blooming landscapes and vibrant colors, while autumn provides crisp air and beautiful foliage. Visiting during these shoulder seasons ensures a more enjoyable and less crowded experience, allowing you to fully appreciate the grandeur and historical significance of Naqsh-e Rostam.
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FAQ
What is Naqsh-e Rostam?
Naqsh-e Rostam is an ancient archaeological site located near the city of Shiraz in Iran. It is known for its impressive rock-cut reliefs and inscriptions, which date back to the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanian periods of Iranian history.
What can I see at Naqsh-e Rostam?
Naqsh-e Rostam is home to a number of important historical and cultural artifacts, including four large tombs carved into the rock face, known as the “Persian crosses.” These tombs are believed to belong to Achaemenid kings, including Darius the Great and Xerxes I. The site also features several rock-cut reliefs, including the famous “Equestrian Sassanian reliefs,” which depict scenes of hunting and battle.
How do I get to Naqsh-e Rostam?
Naqsh-e Rostam is located about 12 kilometers northwest of Shiraz, and can be reached by car or taxi. There are also guided tours available that include Naqsh-e Rostam as part of a larger itinerary of historical sites in the Shiraz area.
What is the best time to visit Naqsh-e Rostam?
The best time to visit Naqsh-e Rostam is during the cooler months of the year, from October to April. During the summer months, temperatures can be quite hot, making it less comfortable to explore the site. It’s also a good idea to visit early in the morning or in the late afternoon to avoid the crowds and the harsh midday sun.