Taq-e Bostan is one of the most valuable historical sites in Iran. Located about 30 kilometers from Kermanshah in western Iran, Taq-e Bostan features magnificent bas-reliefs depicting royal investments and victories that provide useful insights into ancient Persian art and history. In this article from Eligasht, we will explore the history and highlights of this unique site, answer some common visitor questions, and provide practical tips for planning your trip to see the rock reliefs of Taq-e Bostan.
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A Brief History of Taq-e Bostan
The rock reliefs at Taq-e Bostan were commissioned between the late 5th and early 7th centuries AD during the reigns of Sassanid kings Khosrow I, Khosrow II Parviz, and Kavadh II. The site is located in a narrow canyon sheltered by towering cliffs and was chosen due to its protected location and the suitability of its rock face for carving intricate bas-reliefs. This complex is located in the northwest of Kermanshah city, at the foot of the mountain of the same name. In Taq-e Bostan, you can see stone reliefs depicting the coronations of Khosrow Parviz, Ardeshir II, Shapur II, and Shapur III. The inscriptions are also another interesting part of this historical monument.
The significance of Taq-e Bostan
Throughout history, this region has been referred to by various names by tourists, historians, and geographers from the Islamic era. Ibn Faqih and Ibn Rasteh referred to it as “Shabdiz,” while Yaqut Hamavi called it “Qasr Shirin.” Hamdullah Mostofi named it “Taq Bastam,” and others have used names like “Taq Behston,” “Taq Bistun,” and “Taht Bostan.” Locals also recognize it as “Taq Wosan” and “Taq Busan.”
Today, this collection of reliefs is still known as Taq-e Bostan, pronounced “Taq-e Woh San” in the Kermanshahi dialect or Kermanshahi Kurdish. The term “Taq” translates to “arch,” “Wah” means “from,” and “San” signifies “stone.” So, Taq Bostan essentially means a stone arch. Interestingly, “Taq” is a Persian word, while its Arabic equivalent is also “Taq,” making “arch” the more accurate term to use.
Highlights of the Rock Reliefs
The main reliefs at Taq-e Bostan depict royal investiture scenes and victories over enemies. Some key highlights include:
1. The relief of Ardeshir II’s coronation
Right next to the small arch, you’ll spot the first relief from the Boston arch in Kermanshah. On the right side of that small arch, there’s a cool petroglyph showing Ardeshir II, the ninth king of the Sasanian dynasty.
In this artwork, the Sassanid king stands proudly in the center, gripping a sword in his left hand while holding a ribbon ring from Ahura Mazda in his right. To the left and slightly behind him, you can see Zarathustra, also known as Mithra, surrounded by a glowing halo.
Down at the bottom, near Ardeshir II’s feet, is the engraving of the Roman emperor Julian, who was captured during the battle. Ardeshir II is depicted with big eyes, strong eyebrows, a curly beard, and long, thick hair, decked out in earrings, necklaces, and bracelets.
Behind him are Amshaspand and Homan, who act as a bridge between humans and Ahura Mazda. According to Hashem Razi in his book on Iranian studies, “Homan took Zoroaster to the sky, a realm filled with eternal and endless light, which represents Ahura Mazda, pure and radiant.”
2. The Deer Hunting Relief
It is captured in a frame that measures 3.9 meters wide and 5.8 meters long. You can spot elephant keepers arranged in three rows, guiding the deer through a gate on the right side of the fence. Interestingly, the deer are fleeing from a few trained ones, which are easy to identify by the ribbons around their necks. The king is depicted on horseback within the hunting area, shown in three sections. He has an ornate sword hanging from his waist and a bow draped around his neck, while a woman stands behind him, holding a canopy over his head.
The figures of deer tamers are also present, depicted standing, playing harps, and clapping. In another part of the scene, the king is seen actively hunting, riding a horse with four hooves in pursuit of deer. Additionally, there are three rows of women carved behind the king, each in different poses. The first two rows show women standing respectfully, while the third row features women playing musical instruments. The image concludes with the king, bow around his neck, signaling the end of the hunt. On the left side of the fence, you can see carvings of several camel riders transporting deer. More detailed explanations about this scene will follow.
3. The relief of the armored horseman
This relief features a figure with a three-quarter view, seated on a powerful horse. While we don’t know exactly who this horseman is, the depiction symbolizes the might and grandeur of the king and the Iranians. There are various tales about Razmavar; some see him as a warrior, while others believe this figure represents Khosroparviz, riding his beloved horse, Shabdiz.
The rider sports a hat that obscures most of his face, leaving only his eyes visible, and he wears a crown. His shirt is adorned with images of chickens and other designs, complemented by chainmail armor that extends down to his knees. A decorative belt also enhances his outfit.
On his horse, the rider has an archer attached and wields a long spear, showcasing his warrior status. He also holds a circular shield for protection. The horse itself is embellished with tassels, adding to the overall grandeur of the scene.
4. The relief of boar hunting
This is quite a fascinating piece of art. Experts in architecture and archaeology believe that the artists crafted this scene within a frame measuring 4.13 meters wide and 5.7 meters long. On the left side, you can spot 12 elephants arranged in five vertical rows, each with two riders carved on them. It looks like the elephant handlers are busy pulling boars out of their swampy hideouts and into the reeds. Above this hunting scene, there’s a rowing boat with five figures carved inside, including two rowers.
The master artisans have also depicted the king standing in the boat, bow in his left hand, signaling the end of the hunt. Interestingly, he’s not wearing a sword, and there’s a halo of light around his head. Behind him, another boat features several female musicians playing their instruments. At the end of the scene, you can see five elephant riders gathering the boars that the elephants have taken down. The crew’s excitement is captured as they deliver the final blows with their clubs. In the upper part of the frame, the hunted boars are shown on the elephants, while at the bottom, the skilled stone carvers of ancient Iran depict the crew cutting the boars into pieces on the ground.
Architecture of Taq-e Bostan
Taq-e Bostan consists of two large and small arches. On the larger arch, you can see the coronation of Khosrow Parviz, and on the smaller arches, the coronations of Shapur II and Shapur III. Additionally, there is a stone relief related to the coronation of Ardeshir II that catches the eye.
What exactly is depicted on the larger arch?
At the entrance of the arch, there are carved images on the stone of winged angels, hunting scenes with elephants and horses, which can be interpreted as symbols of celebration.”
As mentioned above, this complex has a large arch on which the coronation of Khosrow Parviz is prominent, considered the most important work of Taq-e Bostan. In this arch, there are three statues: Farrokh on the right, Anahita on the left, and the king in the middle. Farrokh, whom you are surely familiar with, represents Anahita, the goddess of water and fertility.
The women playing the harp and other musical instruments are another part of the beauty of Taq-e Bostan.
Under the relief of Khosrow Parviz’s coronation, there is a figure mounted on a horse, unclear whether this rider is someone specific or a generic warrior, Khosrow Parviz, or a victorious Sassanian. However, it symbolizes the courage and power of the king and Iranians.
What do we see exactly on the small arch?
The smaller arch is adorned with inscriptions and tablets written in Pahlavi script, focusing on the reliefs of the coronations of Shapur II and Shapur III.
A relief from the Qajar era!
It is interesting to note that in another section of Taq-e Bostan, there is a relief belonging to the Qajar period, sculpted with an inscription in Nastaliq script, depicting the statue of Fath Ali Shah’s son, accompanied by a poem. According to this poem, Mohammad Ali Mirza, the son of Fath Ali Khan of the Qajar dynasty, considers Khosrow Parviz as his doorkeeper and likens Taq-e Bostan to a mountain.
According to accounts, there was a carpet of jewels on the floor of Taq-e Bostan, which was divided among the Arab commanders during the Arab invasion.
The best time to visit Taq-e Bostan
The best times to visit Taq-e Bostan for optimal weather are typically during the spring (April to early June) and autumn (September to November) seasons. During these periods, you’ll experience pleasant temperatures and comfortable conditions for exploring the outdoor archaeological site. Regardless of when you choose to visit, it’s advisable to check local weather forecasts and dress appropriately.
Nearby attractions
While visiting Kermanshah to see the magnificent Taq-e Bostan, you’ll be pleased to know there are several other fascinating attractions nearby. Let me share some must-see spots that’ll make your trip even more memorable!
First up, you can’t miss the Bisotun UNESCO World Heritage Site. It’s about an hour’s drive from Kermanshah and features an incredible bas-relief and cuneiform inscription from the time of Darius I. The mountain setting is breathtaking, and you’ll feel like you’re walking through pages of history.
Closer to the city, the Kermanshah Museum is a great place to dive deeper into the region’s rich past. You’ll find artifacts from various periods, including the Sassanid era, which will complement your visit to Taq-e Bostan nicely.
For a taste of local life, head to the bustling Takyeh Moaven al-Molk. This stunning 19th-century building showcases beautiful tile work and serves as a gathering place during religious ceremonies. Even if there’s no event, it’s worth a visit for the architecture alone.
Nature lovers should make time for a trip to the Quri Qalee Cave. This massive cave system is a wonderland of stalactites and stalagmites. It’s a bit of an adventure to get there, but the otherworldly beauty inside is well worth the effort.
If you’re up for a bit of a drive, the charming village of Palangan is about two hours away. Its stepped architecture, built into the mountainside, is a photographer’s dream. You’ll get a glimpse of rural Kurdish life and maybe even catch some traditional music or dance.
Planning Your Visit to Taq-e Bostan
Taq-e Bostan is easily accessible as a day trip from Kermanshah. Here are some tips:
- Go early to avoid heat and crowds. The last entry is 5 pm in summer, and 6 pm other times.
- Wear comfortable shoes and sun protection. Bring water.
- From Kermanshah, take a taxi (about $10-15 each way) or join an organized tour.
- Allow 1-2 hours to fully appreciate the rock reliefs and surrounding area.
- Take photos but avoid flash or tripods near reliefs. Drones are prohibited without permission.
- Visit the small museum and learn more about history through informative signs (English available).
Final words
Today, Taq-e Bostan continues to captivate visitors from around the world. It’s not just a static monument but a living piece of history. Local families often picnic in the surrounding park, their children’s laughter mixing with the whispers of ancient stones. It’s a beautiful reminder of how the past and present coexist in Iran.
For history buffs and art lovers, Taq-e Bostan offers an unparalleled opportunity to see Sassanid art up close. Unlike many ancient sites where artifacts are housed in museums, here you can experience the carvings in their original context, just as they were meant to be seen.
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FAQ
Where t is Taq-e Bostan?
Taq-e Bostan is a historical site in Iran, located in Kermanshah. It is known for its rock reliefs and arches dating back to the Sassanian era.
What do the reliefs at Taq-e Bostan depict?
The reliefs depict scenes of royal coronations, including those of Khosrow Parviz, Ardeshir II, Shapur II, and Shapur III, showcasing the power and grandeur of the Sassanian kings.
How many arches are there at Taq-e Bostan?
Taq-e Bostan consists of two main arches – a large one featuring the coronation of Khosrow Parviz and a smaller one depicting the coronations of Shapur II and Shapur III.
Who are the figures represented in the reliefs at Taq-e Bostan?
The reliefs feature figures like Farrokh, Anahita, and the king, symbolizing different aspects of Sassanian culture and mythology.
What is the significance of Taq-e Bostan in Iranian history?
Taq-e Bostan holds great historical and cultural importance, offering insights into the art, architecture, and royal ceremonies of the Sassanian Empire, enriching our understanding of ancient Iranian civilization.