In the Naqsh-e Jahan Square of Isfahan, the stunning and captivating Shah Mosque stands out. This mosque, dating back to the Safavid period, is listed among Iran’s national heritage sites due to its impressive architecture. The architectural design and tile work present in this mosque are unparalleled masterpieces that demand hours of admiration. Undoubtedly, Isfahan Shah Mosque is one of the most attractive sights in the city, drawing numerous tourists during their visits to Isfahan. In this article from Eligasht, we aim to discuss Isfahan Shah Mosque, so join us as we explore this remarkable site.
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Introduction to Shah Jameh Mosque
Upon visiting Naqsh-e Jahan Square, you’ll encounter several of the most stunning attractions from the Safavid era: Sheikh Lotfallah Mosque, Ali Qapu Palace, and of course, Isfahan Shah Mosque, which are usually among the first sites tourists visit in this city. If we are to introduce the most significant mosque of the Safavid period in Isfahan, there is no doubt that it is Isfahan Shah Mosque, a structure of great architectural splendor and intricate decorations.
This mosque’s history traces back to the year 1020 AH (Gregorian calendar), which coincided with the twenty-fourth anniversary of Shah Abbas I’s reign, marking the beginning of this grand mosque’s construction.
Five years later, parts of the mosque were still incomplete. However, to enhance the aesthetic of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, the mosque’s beautiful entrance, adorned with intricate tile work, was completed as quickly as possible. Historical records indicate that the final decorations and the construction of the mosque’s side sections were accomplished in the years following Shah Abbas I’s reign and during the period of his successors.
Historically, this mosque was known as the Abbasi Jameh Mosque, and its name is recorded in many historical texts. Above the entrance of the mosque, there is an inscription in Thuluth script written in the year 1025 that states this mosque was constructed from Shah Abbas’s own wealth, and its rewards were dedicated to the spirit of his ancestor, Shah Tahmasp. Another inscription can be seen beneath the main one, honoring the architect of the new Jameh Mosque, Master Ali Akbar Isfahani, along with the supervisor of the construction. Each of these inscriptions was penned by famous calligraphers of the Safavid era, such as Mohammad Reza Shahi and Alireza Abbasi, and their decorations feature seven-color tile work and inlaid designs.
The architecture of Jameh (Shah) Mosque
As this mosque is a Jameh Mosque, its architecture holds significant importance. Jameh Mosques have played a vital role in shaping other urban elements, such as bazaars and streets, throughout different periods, making them central to every city. In this mosque, an angle is created between the entrance axis (facing Naqsh-e Jahan Square) and the mosque’s axis (facing the Qibla), which the artistically skilled architect has utilized to the best advantage.
In fact, Naqsh-e Jahan Square is situated approximately to the south, whereas the mosque is facing the southwest. This is why the southern porch, located behind the entrance hall, has been rotated to ensure that the central courtyard of the mosque is clearly visible from the entrance hall, though direct entry into it is not possible. The only access to it is through one of the two corridors surrounding the porch. To reach the ablution area, one must go behind the longer corridor.
This mosque has many entrances, but to enter through the main door, you must go to the southern side of the Naqsh-e Jahan Square. On the entrance door, there are inscriptions in Nasta’liq script that indicate the year the decorations were completed and installed during the reign of Shah Safi, between 1028 and 1052 AH (Islamic calendar). This four-iwan mosque features proportions of six regular sides in its courtyard area. In the southeastern and southwestern sections of the mosque’s courtyard, two schools can be seen: the Nasiri School, built by Naser al-Din Shah, and the Suleimaniye School, restored by Shah Soleiman.
In the Suleimaniye School, there is a simple stone structure shaped like a gnomon that indicates the noon time in Isfahan for each season, and it seems that the calculations for this were done by Sheikh Bahai. The upper surface of this gnomon has a right-angled triangular shape, such that its hypotenuse indicates the noon, one side of the triangle is connected to the wall, and the other side represents the Qibla direction.
Decorations of Isfahan Shah Mosque
Let’s talk a bit about the dome of this mosque; it is made of two separate shells, and the architectural work was overseen by Master Fereydoun Neyini. The sound is reflected in the center of the large southern dome, which has a height of 52 meters. To see the masterpiece of the tile work of this mosque, head to the entrance; this area is filled with seven-color and mosaic tiles. In the main entrance arch, three rows of decorative light blue spirals will catch your attention, each framing stunning decorations made of magnificent marble.
In other parts of the mosque, you will also see attractive tile work, although lower-quality tiles were used there. On the upper house of the entrance, there is a mosaic tile frame decorated with two green peacocks, birds that symbolize eternity, like the phoenix. There are also several other tile frames featuring designs of sparrows, flowers, and shrubs, evoking images of paradise and lush gardens. The entrance is adorned with Kufic script, inscribing the words “Allah,” “Muhammad,” and “Ali.” The pulpit of this mosque is made of saqqak stone and has 14 steps, with the 14th step designated for the preacher to sit. One of the most fascinating parts of this mosque are the inscriptions from the era of Shah Abbas I, which are carved and installed on stone slabs.
Different Parts of the Isfahan Shah Mosque
The stunning Isfahan Shah Mosque is made up of several sections that were built during different times. Some parts have faced damage and have been restored over the years. Let’s dive into the details of this incredible mosque. Here are some key sections worth mentioning:
Nizam al-Mulk Dome
The Isfahan Shah Mosque boasts two distinct domes, each with its own unique design. The southern dome, surrounded by forty columns, is found in the southern iwans and was constructed between 465 and 485 AH (Hijri). This dome was commissioned by Malik Shah Seljuk and his minister Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk, which is why it’s called the Nizam al-Mulk Dome. It’s considered one of the best examples of Seljuk architecture, featuring beautiful brick and plaster designs both in its construction and decoration.
Taj al-Mulk Dome
The northern dome, located in the mosque’s courtyard, is a reflection of the southern dome. Built in 481 AH by Abu al-Ghuna’im Taj al-Mulk, a minister from the Seljuk period, this double-shelled dome is known as the Taj al-Mulk Dome. It’s also referred to as the earthen dome of the mosque. Competing with the Nizam al-Mulk Dome, it’s the only part of the mosque designed in the Razzi style. The geometric patterns and muqarnas work inside the Taj al-Mulk Dome are truly mesmerizing.
While this dome is smaller than the Nizam al-Mulk Dome, it’s more intricate. Like its counterpart, it sits on a cylindrical base, transitioning from a square to an octagon and finally to a sixteen-sided shape. The Kufic inscriptions found throughout the Jameh Mosque are all tied to its rich history.
Pool of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
The Jameh Mosque of Isfahan is built in a rectangular shape and has two pools: a quadrilateral pool in the middle of the courtyard and a polygonal pool in the northern section of the building. A four-column structure with several steps is located on the quadrilateral pool. It is likely that the construction of this structure dates back to the era of King Shah Muhammad Khodabandeh Safavi.
This structure was designed for religious activities during the summer and served as a place for pilgrims to practice their rituals. According to another narrative, this building was constructed during the Buyid dynasty, so that when the students of Saheb Ibn Abbad (a scholar, writer, poet, and minister) became numerous and their voices could not be heard from the southern veranda, someone would stand on this building to inform the others.
Entrance of Abu Ishaqiyeh
The entrance of Abu Ishaqiyeh is located in the northwest part of the mosque and is usually closed and not accessible. If access is available, this door leads to the Ishaqiyeh alley. A plaque inscribed with verses 23 to 39 of Surah Sad is placed on this entrance, written in Thuluth script. Some of the decorations of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan are summarized in its entrances, which portray a unique beauty.
Shabestans
One of the most stunning prayer halls in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan is the Safavid Shabestan, found at the mosque’s southwestern corner. Experts suggest that this gorgeous space was built during the Timurid era. The Shabestan is split into two sections: the eastern side features a series of square and checkerboard columns, along with 28 arches adorning the ceiling.
On the western side, you’ll find six arches spanning 9 meters, complemented by seven narrower arches above them. A standout feature of this Shabestan is its mihrab, crafted from marble and embellished with beautiful poetry.
Dervish Iwan
The northern iwan, known as the Dervish Iwan, dates back to the 6th century, with plaster inscriptions from the reign of Shah Soleiman Safavid. The exterior tile work was part of restoration efforts by Isfahan’s archaeology department in the years 1336 and 1337 of the Iranian calendar, which also left behind a commemorative inscription in elegant script. Flanking the northern iwan are forty columns from the 6th century, particularly the eastern columns, which showcase a variety of arches with intricate brick designs, making them a fascinating aspect of this grand historical site.
Saheb Iwan
The Saheb Iwan was built during the Seljuk period, with its decorations reflecting the styles of the Qara Qoyunlu and Safavid eras. This area features inscriptions from different times, including the Safavid period, and boasts a beautiful archway that marks the entrance.
Ostad Iwan
The western iwan, called the Ostad Iwan, was constructed during the Seljuk period and later adorned with tile work in the Safavid era. Inside, you’ll find Thuluth and Nastaliq scripts dating back to 1112 AH (1711 CE) from the reign of Shah Sultan Hosein, along with phrases written in an exquisite monumental style.
Library of Nizam al-Mulk
One of the features of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan is the presence of a large library in its southeast, known as the Library of Nizam al-Mulk, which houses valuable works from the Islamic period. This library was destroyed during the bombing in 1984 but was rebuilt in the same form.
Final words
The Jamee Mosque in Isfahan, often referred to as the Isfahan Shah Mosque, is a stunning example of Persian Islamic architecture and culture. Built over many centuries, it showcases the evolution of mosque design with its beautiful tile work, detailed calligraphy, and impressive domes. Its perfect mix of practical use and artistic beauty makes it a prime example of Islamic architecture, attracting visitors and scholars who want to soak in its charm and spiritual vibe.
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FAQ
What is the historical significance of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan?
The Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, built in various phases from the 8th to the 20th century, is renowned for its architectural innovation and beauty. It represents a culmination of Islamic architectural styles in Iran, showcasing various eras, including the Seljuk, Ilkhanate, Timurid, and Safavid periods. The mosque served as a central religious site for the city and played a critical role in the cultural and social life of Isfahan.
What are the architectural features of the Isfahan Shah Mosque?
The Isfahan Shah Mosque features a stunning blend of Islamic architectural styles, including grand iwans (vaulted spaces), intricate tile work, and stunning mosaics. Notable elements include the massive entrance portal, the beautifully decorated domes. The mosque is also known for its large courtyard and the stunning variety of tile work that reflects traditional Persian artistry.
What are the visiting hours for the Isfahan Shah Mosque?
The Jameh Mosque of Isfahan is typically open to visitors daily, but the hours can vary, especially during prayer times. It’s recommended to visit in the morning or late afternoon when the light enhances the beauty of the tile work and architectural details. To avoid disruptions, visitors should check in advance and be respectful of ongoing prayers or religious activities.