The aurora borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, is one of the most beautiful and astonishing natural phenomena that occurs at specific times of the year. This dazzling light display is the result of charged particles from the sun colliding with the Earth’s atmosphere near the magnetic poles.
The aurora borealis can be seen in a variety of colors, from green and purple to red and yellow, and takes on different shapes. Join us in this article from Eligasht to learn more about this fascinating phenomenon.
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What is the Aurora Borealis?
The aurora borealis, or (Aurora), is a natural and spectacular phenomenon that occurs in the skies of the Earth’s polar regions, also known as the polar lights. This beautiful light display is the result of the collision of charged particles from the sun with the Earth’s atmosphere. When these particles collide with gases present in the Earth’s atmosphere, energy is released, causing these gases to glow.
The aurora borealis is usually seen in the form of a luminous halo, bright rays, or luminous spirals, and takes on a variety of colors, from green and purple to red and yellow. This celestial phenomenon is one of the most beautiful natural sights that captivates every viewer.
The Cause of the Aurora Borealis
The aurora borealis is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena that occurs in the night sky of polar regions. This phenomenon is the result of the collision of charged particles from the sun with the Earth’s atmosphere. The sun constantly emits particles called solar winds into space, and when these particles collide with the Earth’s magnetic field, they are guided along the magnetic field lines toward the Earth’s poles.
Near the poles, these particles collide with atoms and molecules present in the Earth’s atmosphere and transfer their energy to them. This energy transfer causes the atoms and molecules to become excited, and they create the aurora borealis by emitting light.
The different colors of the aurora borealis depend on the type of atom or molecule that received the energy. For example, collisions of particles with oxygen produce green and red colors, and collisions with nitrogen produce blue and purple colors.
The Reason for Different Colors in the Aurora
Auroras, with their dazzling and diverse colors, are one of the most beautiful natural phenomena. The color variations of this phenomenon depend on the type of gases that the charged particles from the sun collide with, as well as the altitude of the collision.
When these particles collide with different gases like oxygen and nitrogen in various layers of the Earth’s atmosphere, they lose their energy, causing the electrons of these atoms to become excited.
These excited electrons, upon returning to their base state, emit photons with specific wavelengths, which we see as colored lights. For example, the collision of particles with oxygen atoms at lower altitudes produces green light, while collision with oxygen at higher altitudes creates red light.
These lights are known as the northern and southern lights. The northern lights are often called the “Aurora Borealis” and the southern lights are called the “Aurora Australis.”
When Does the Aurora Occur?
The aurora is a phenomenon that depends on various factors, including solar activity, the season, and location. Although this phenomenon occurs throughout the year, the best times to observe it are during the months of September to October and March to April.
During these times, the nights are longer and darker, increasing the chance of seeing the aurora. Solar activity also plays a significant role in the intensity and frequency of the aurora.
Best Countries for Viewing the Aurora
Witnessing the aurora is a dream that many nature enthusiasts cherish. To experience this amazing phenomenon, it is necessary to travel to regions located near the Arctic Circle. In the following, we have listed the best places to visit Aurora:
Fairbanks, Alaska
Fairbanks is positioned just two degrees south of the Arctic Circle, in proximity to an international airport and the remarkable Denali National Park. This location is among the finest for observing the Northern Lights. Fairbanks boasts a specialized system for forecasting the occurrence of this natural spectacle and provides visitors with itineraries that guide them away from urban light interference.
Tromsø, Norway
Often referred to as the “Capital of the Arctic,” Tromsø is recognized as one of the premier destinations globally for witnessing the Northern Lights. This quaint city not only provides breathtaking views during daylight hours but also offers “Northern Lights Safari” tours that take visitors to areas devoid of light pollution.
Yellowknife, Canada
As the capital of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife offers unique experiences for tourists eager to witness the Northern Lights. Located along the shores of Great Slave Lake, one of the world’s deepest lakes, this city features a community dedicated to catering to such visitors. Due to its elevated latitude and minimal light pollution, Canada has emerged as a prime destination for Northern Lights enthusiasts. Other notable locations in the country, including Wood Buffalo National Park and Jasper National Park, are also recognized as excellent spots for viewing this natural phenomenon.
Kirkenes, Russia
Situated near the Russian border, Kirkenes is a small town nestled within the Northern Lights region. It is renowned for housing Norway’s famous Snow Hotel, which is constructed entirely from snow and ice and is rebuilt each winter.
Greenland
To experience the stunning natural phenomena and attractions such as the Qaleraliq Glacier, one should travel to the southern region of Greenland. Even during the summer months, small floating icebergs can be observed in this area.
New Zealand and Tasmania
In contrast to the Northern Lights, opportunities to witness the Southern Lights (Aurora Australis) in the Southern Hemisphere are limited. Apart from Antarctica, few landmasses lie within the Antarctic Circle. The prime locations for viewing this phenomenon are the southernmost regions of Tasmania (Australia) and New Zealand, where the darkened skies enhance visibility of any active auroras on the southern horizon. These locations, along with Antarctica, are among the most accessible for observing this natural spectacle.
Svalbard, Norway
Svalbard is even icier than the habitat of polar bears. This isolated archipelago is one of the most remarkable destinations for viewing the Northern Lights outside of Tromsø. A visit to Svalbard and the Arctic is an unforgettable experience.
Overall, countries such as Russia, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Canada, Iceland, and Alaska are among the best destinations for viewing these amazing lights. Each of these countries has pristine areas where clear and dark skies provide the best conditions for observing this phenomenon.
The Aurora in Iran
The aurora is a phenomenon that usually occurs at high latitudes and near the poles. For this reason, observing it in Iran, which is located in the mid-latitudes, is very rare.
However, in some special cases, due to intense solar wind activity and magnetic storms, it is possible to observe the aurora at lower latitudes, including Iran.
This usually happens when solar storms are very strong and charged solar particles penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere to a significant extent. However, this phenomenon is very rare in Iran and observing it requires specific conditions.
Equipment Needed for Watching the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights)
To have a complete and enjoyable experience watching the aurora, having the right equipment is essential. Some of the items that will help you make the most of this natural phenomenon include:
- Layered Clothing: Layered clothing allows you to regulate your body temperature.
- Warm Hat, Gloves, and Socks: Protect your sensitive body parts.
- Proper Footwear: Warm, waterproof boots with good traction for walking on snow and ice.
- Powerful Camera: To capture high-quality photos of the aurora.
- Wide-Angle Lens: For capturing expansive shots of the sky.
- Extra Batteries: Camera batteries drain quickly in cold weather.
- Flashlight: For illuminating your way and checking equipment.
- Headlamp: To keep your hands free.
- Hot Water Bottle/Hand Warmers: To keep your hands and feet warm.
- Compass: For navigation at night.
- Sunglasses: To protect your eyes from the intense light of the aurora.
- Important Note: Before traveling to an area where you intend to observe the aurora, be sure to check the weather forecast and prepare your clothing and equipment accordingly.
Interesting Facts About the Aurora Borealis
Aurora Colors Depend on the Type of Atoms: The collision of charged particles with oxygen atoms creates green and red colors, while collisions with nitrogen atoms create blue and violet colors.
The Sound of the Aurora: Some people claim to hear cracking or rustling sounds when observing the aurora, but the exact cause of these sounds is not yet fully understood.
Varied Aurora Shapes: The aurora appears in various shapes and sizes, including curtains of light, brilliant rays, and luminous spirals.
Aurora Australis (Southern Lights): Just as the Northern Lights exist in the north, a similar phenomenon called the Aurora Australis occurs in the south.
Final Thoughts
The aurora borealis is a unique phenomenon, full of beauty, that captivates anyone who sees it. Each time it occurs, it brings a unique and spectacular display.
While observing this natural wonder requires travel to polar regions and patience, experiencing the aurora creates an unforgettable memory for anyone.
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Frequently Asked Questions
When is the best time to see the aurora borealis?
The best time to observe the aurora borealis is during the months of September to October and March to April.
Is it possible to see the aurora borealis in Iran?
Although the likelihood of seeing the aurora borealis in Iran is very low, in some special cases and during periods of intense solar activity, it is possible to see the aurora at lower latitudes, including Iran.
What determines the colors of the aurora borealis?
The colors of the aurora depend on the type of atoms with which charged particles collide. Collisions with oxygen atoms create green and red colors, and collisions with nitrogen atoms create blue and violet colors.